What is the Working Principle of a Dynamic Pressure Bearing?
Source: China Bearing Network | Time: 2013-04-10
Dynamic pressure bearings, also known as hydrodynamic bearings, operate based on the principle of fluid dynamics. These bearings rely on the formation of an oil film between the rotating shaft and the bearing surface to support the load and reduce friction. Unlike static pressure bearings that require an external oil source, dynamic pressure bearings generate the necessary oil film through the relative motion of the surfaces. As the spindle rotates, the oil is drawn into the clearance between the journal and the bearing, creating a wedge-shaped oil film. This oil film exerts a hydrodynamic force that lifts the spindle and prevents direct contact with the bearing surface. The effectiveness of this system depends on factors such as the speed of rotation, the viscosity of the oil, and the geometry of the bearing. In addition to pure hydrodynamic bearings, there are hybrid dynamic pressure bearings that combine both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic principles. These bearings use an external oil supply to create a static pressure cushion before the spindle starts moving, which helps eliminate dry friction during startup and shutdown. Once the spindle reaches operating speed, the dynamic pressure takes over, providing continuous lubrication and support. Hybrid dynamic pressure bearings offer several advantages, including improved load capacity, higher stiffness, better vibration resistance, and longer service life. They are commonly used in high-precision applications such as machine tools, turbines, and other critical rotating equipment. The design of the oil chamber plays a crucial role in the performance of these bearings. A shallow cavity layout enhances the dynamic pressure effect, while a cavity-opposed configuration increases the stiffness of the spindle. The uniform distribution of high-pressure oil films ensures smooth operation and maintains high rotational accuracy and stability. Overall, dynamic pressure bearings are essential in modern engineering due to their ability to reduce wear, improve efficiency, and ensure reliable performance under various operating conditions.
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