Feed poisoning caused by feed ingredients
1, aflatoxin poisoning
Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin is widely distributed in nature. It is often parasitic in peanut, peanut cake (粕), bean cake, corn soybean, bran and other feeds. When the temperature is (24-30~) When C) and humidity (80% or more) are suitable, Aspergillus flavus rapidly multiplies, producing aflatoxin, a metabolite that damages the liver of the animal; the chicken feed can also produce various molds and toxins after being mildewed and deteriorated due to moisture and heat. Aspergillus flavus is most toxic to group B toxins, and group B toxins have blue fluorescence, which is easily detected by ultraviolet radiation. When chickens are ingested with aflatoxin-contaminated feeds, they can cause poisoning, and chicks often develop fungal pneumonia.
Symptoms: The severity of symptoms is related to the amount of toxins in the chickens and the age and physical condition of the chickens. The chicks are usually acutely poisoned, often occurring at 2 to 6 weeks of age, often with no obvious symptoms and suddenly die. The longer course of the disease is manifested as apathetic, loose feathers, loss of appetite, poor growth, anemia, diarrhea, grayish brown in feces or weight loss in the feces, weak, anemia, pale cockscomb, elevated body temperature, difficulty breathing Or mouth breathing, sometimes snoring or whistling, and obvious abdominal breathing. Young chickens and adult chickens contain aflatoxin in their feed, which generally causes chronic poisoning.
The laying hens are slow to develop, delay in production, lower egg production rate and hatching rate, more malformed eggs, and extremely thin. The necropsy showed that the hepatomegaly was yellow-white. In the later stage, there were some or nodular lesions on the liver, pericardium and peritoneal water, and the kidney was pale.
Control measures: There is no specific drug treatment for aflatoxin poisoning. It is forbidden to use the moldy and deteriorated feed to feed the chicken is the fundamental measure to prevent this disease. After the poisoning is discovered, the moldy feed should be stopped immediately, the full-price high-quality feed should be replaced, and the nursing should be strengthened to gradually recover. Strengthen the storage of feed, anti-rain and damp, can put nystatin 500,000 IU / Kg in the feed, while spraying with amphotericin B at a dose of 250,000 IU of cubic meters for 5 min, once a day, with two Weeks for slightly mildewed feeds can be detoxified by aluminosilicate adsorption methods. There is also 0.5 g / L copper sulphate or 5 g / L potassium iodide in drinking water for the chickens to drink freely. These two methods are used alternately, and are exchanged every 3 days. Use 100 poison to kill disinfectant and sink. The mildewed raw materials and feed should be thoroughly dried and stored in a dry and ventilated place. It is best to use formaldehyde fumigation before the storage site is activated. Each cubic meter of space uses a mixture of 30 ml of formaldehyde, 30 g of potassium permanganate and 30 ml of water. Suspicious feed should be dried in the sun.
2, salt poisoning
Salt is one of the indispensable ingredients in chicken diet. Appropriate addition can improve the palatability of feed, enhance appetite and digestive function, and maintain normal pH of body fluid. The salt content in chicken diets is generally 0.3 to 0.4%. The poisoning reaction occurs quickly when excessive salt is ingested, and chicks are most sensitive. Generally, when the salt in the chicken material reaches 0.7% and the chicken material reaches 1%, it can cause obvious chicken thirst and diarrhea. When the salt in the chicken material reaches 1%, the chicken group will die in large numbers. Found too late, the chick mortality rate can reach 100%. The most common causes of salt poisoning in chickens are miscalculations, inaccurate weighing or uneven mixing; the amount of salt in the dried fish or fishmeal or drinking water used in the ingredients is too high. In addition, when the chickens are paralyzed by salt deficiency, drinking water is too concentrated (> 2%), feeding for too long (> 3 days) or insufficient drinking water, may cause poisoning.
Symptoms: It varies depending on how much salt is ingested and how long it lasts. Slight symptoms, increased drinking water, thin stools or mixed with water; severe cases, loss of appetite, strong desire for thirst, endless drinking water, swollen cysts, mucous membranes of the mouth and nose, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and finally death, The necropsy showed abdominal cavity, hydronephrosis, pulmonary edema, and uric acid in the ureteral excretion.
Control measures: Correctly calculate the amount of salt used and mix evenly; the fish or fishmeal used in the ingredients must be measured for salt content. If the salt content is high, it should be added less, and if the salt content is low, it may be added as appropriate. It is found that the abnormal drinking water of the flock should be sampled for salt determination. Once the salt is excessive, the feed or drinking water with too much salt should be stopped immediately, and other feeds should be changed to supply sufficient and fresh drinking water. A small amount of clean drinking water or 5% dextrose water can be used for 15 to 20 minutes every 1 hour to prevent salt from absorbing and spreading too quickly. Timely isolation of poisoned chicken, and feeding to brown sugar water, increase the amount of multivitamins, if necessary, intravenous glucose and vitamin C.
3, rapeseed cake poisoning
Rapeseed cake contains more than 35% crude protein, contains 2.8% digestible protein, and is 2.8 times higher than corn. It is a high-quality protein feed, but it contains harmful components of mustard meal, which can be hydrolyzed into toxic substances under the action of mustard enzyme. Acryl thiocyanate, oxazolidine copper, and the like, in addition to tannins and the like. If the chicken is fed directly without proper treatment, it is easy to cause poisoning.
The toxic amount of rapeseed cake is related to its variety, and the tolerance of different varieties of chicken to rapeseed cake is also different. The proportion of common rapeseed cake in the feed is 8% for laying hens and 10% for puppies in the late stage.
Symptoms: Initially, the intake was reduced, the feces were dry or thin, and blood was abnormally changed. The growth was slow, the egg production decreased, the soft eggs increased, and the hatching rate decreased. The necropsy is mainly thyroid enlargement, gastric mucosal congestion or hemorrhage, renal enlargement, liver atrophy and slippery feeling, and the contents of the digestive tract (especially the stomach) are thin and dark green, and the intestinal mucosa falls off.
Control: found poisoning immediately stop feeding feed containing rapeseed cake, drink 5% dextrose water, add vitamin C to the feed. In the usual ingredients, the hens under 6 weeks of age and the broilers under 4 weeks of age do not use rapeseed cake, and the proportion of rapeseed cake in the feed does not exceed 5%.
4, cottonseed cake poisoning
Cottonseed cake is a by-product of cotton fiber and cotton oil processing industry. The protein content is above 36%. The content of essential amino acids is second only to soybean meal in plant feed, and the price is low. It is a cost-effective protein feed, but it contains About 1% of toxic gossypol. When long-term or large-scale feeding of undetoxified cottonseed cake, the accumulation of gossypol in chickens can cause poisoning.
Symptoms: poisoned chicken anorexia, weight loss, soft legs, diarrhea, light stool, difficulty breathing, death within a few days; egg production becomes smaller, soon the protein turns pink, egg yolk turns into tea cyan, hatching rate is reduced.
The liver or kidney is swollen or atrophied, the gallbladder is dilated, and there is exudate in the chest and abdomen. The contents of the intestine gradually deepen from front to back to soy sauce-like brown, intestinal mucosa shedding, hemorrhage, liver, spleen, pancreas, and intestinal mucosa. There is waxy pigmentation; the laying hen's ovary and various segments of the fallopian tube are highly atrophied.
Control: Cottonseed cake must be detoxified before feeding. It can be boiled for 1 hour or soaked with 0.2~0.5% ferrous sulfate for 24 hours. Limit the amount of feed, the amount of cottonseed cake in the feed is generally less than 5%, and the laying hens are not more than 7%. It is best not to use chickens or chicks. When using cottonseed cake ingredients, it is best to increase the protein, vitamin A and calcium content. After the chickens are poisoned, the high-quality feed containing no cottonseed cake should be quickly replaced. Add ferrous sulfate fine powder to the feed, drink 5% dextrose water or dry leather, tea, mung bean soup, or add in drinking water. Soy milk, milk or drinking 0.02% ~ 0.03% potassium permanganate solution (destroy the gossypol in the gastrointestinal tract, but this method can only drink 1 time).
5, fluorosis
Fluorine is a necessary trace element in animal life activities, and it is also a harmful element. Long-term feeding of mineral additives that have not been defluorinated, such as superphosphate, natural phosphorus and lime, can also cause fluoride poisoning in livestock and poultry. Most of the calcium and phosphorus supplements in poultry diets are mineral phosphates, mainly calcium hydrogen phosphate, which contains a certain amount of fluorine, which is easy to cause fluorosis in poultry.
Symptoms: loss of appetite, depression, slow growth, thin body, weak legs, swollen joints, stiffness, gait instability, movement disorders, soft feet, sometimes "eight" feet, serious can appear limp or sputum , diarrhea, and some died of diarrhea, phlegm, and exhaustion. The laying rate of laying hens decreased, the eggs became smaller, and shell eggs, sand shell eggs, and deformed eggs increased. Long-term fluorosis in breeding chickens will reduce the fertilization rate and hatching rate of the breeder. The chicks that have just emerged from the shell have skeletal deformities in the legs. The chicks grow slowly, the crown is white, and the spirits are wilting.
Prevention and treatment: timely treatment of poultry that have been fluorosis.
If poultry is found to be fluorosis, feed with high fluoride content should be stopped immediately to replace the feed with acceptable fluoride content. Supply low or no fluoride drinking water. Daily supply of aluminum sulfate, calcium aluminate and calcium sulfate can reduce the fluorine content in the bone of poisoned animals. Oral calcium lactate is given daily until the lame disappears. Calcium preparations can also prevent fluoride from sinking in the bones, increase calcium in the feed, and supply vitamin A and vitamin D to prevent fluorosis. Borate can form BF4 with fluorine, which can reduce the toxicity of fluorine. It has little effect on the palatability of feed. When giving animals supplemented with phosphorus-containing mineral feed, the fluorine content should be well understood and after defluorination treatment. For reuse, the supply amount does not exceed 2% of the diet. In some areas, the bone powder produced in some areas is sometimes not suitable as a mineral supplement. Adding slaked lime 500~1000 mg/L into the diversion water can reduce the fluoride of 10mg/L to 0.95 mg/L, and maintain a low-fluorine water supply for one week after adding slaked lime. Increasing the amount of protein supply in the feed to prevent the animal from being in a state of frequent stress is also an effective measure to prevent the disease.
6, deterioration of fishmeal poisoning
Fishmeal will be produced during the production, processing and transportation process or contaminated by some harmful substances such as ulcerin, histamine, mycotoxins and bacteria (such as Salmonella), which will have strong stimulation, corrosion and damage to the digestive tract. When the fishmeal is added in excess to the feed, it can cause chicken poisoning.
Symptoms: Poisoned chicken with depression, loss of appetite, unstable gait, fluffy feathers, sleep, inverted, squeezed out of the sac, soy liquid, diarrhea, brown, dark brown soft stool. The disease died rapidly and died. The course of disease was gradually weakened and eventually died. The necropsy showed that there were black fluids from the mouth to the rectum, and the glandular nipples were swollen and ulcerated. The glandular stomach and the muscle and stomach joints and the glandular stomach and the duodenum had different degrees of erosion and ulceration. Thin or thick, mucosal epithelial shedding, hyperemia and hemorrhage, individual severe perforation between the stomach and glandular stomach, outflow of black viscous liquid, pollution of the abdominal cavity, pale liver, gallbladder dilatation.
Control: When using fishmeal to prepare feed, you should choose high-quality fishmeal to correctly grasp the dosage. Generally, the quality of fishmeal should be below 5% of ordinary fishmeal below 4%, and inferior fishmeal should be banned. Pay attention to intermittently adding 0.1~0.4% sodium carbonate in feed or drinking water, and pay attention to the flock at any time. The diseased chickens should be replaced with high-quality fishmeal to reduce the amount of fishmeal. Add yeast powder or other protein feed water to add 0.4% sodium bicarbonate, one in the morning and one in the morning, and even drink the day; take enrofloxacin at a concentration of 17.5 kg of water. 2, 5 times a day for 4 to 5 days, can also take ampicillin, etc.; the appropriate amount of vitamin K3 powder can be added to the feed.
7, other raw materials poisoning
The poisoning of raw bean cake is mainly characterized by diarrhea and anemia. Arsenic acid poisoning mainly manifests as cockscomb, fleshy hair, difficulty in breathing, heart congestion, blood in soy sauce color, and poor coagulation. Ferrous sulphate poisoning mainly manifests as oral mucus, diarrhea, feces are dark green, intestinal mucosal congestion and bleeding.
Prevention: After the poisoning is discovered, the feed should be stopped immediately, and some supplementary therapies should be taken. For example, 0.01%~0.15% sodium bicarbonate, 6%~8% sucrose or 3%~4% glucose should be alternately placed in drinking water. Strengthen the excretion of the kidneys and the detoxification ability of the liver, double the multiplication of the feed, and add 0.1% of vitamin C.
Common coccidiosis poisoning
1, poisoning of sulfa drugs
Sulfonamides are commonly used drugs for the treatment of bacterial diseases and coccidiosis in chickens. Excessive doses and long-term continuous use can cause severe acute poisoning. Chicks below 1 month of age are extremely sensitive to sulfa drugs, and often cause poisoning when the dose and course of treatment are normal.
Symptoms: Depressed, slow-growing, jaundice, feces are soy sauce, and some are grayish white. The laying of laying hens is reduced, producing thin or soft shell eggs. The necropsy revealed extensive bleeding from the skin, muscles and internal organs. Kidney enlargement is khaki.
Prevention and control: Immediately after the poisoning was found, the feed supplemented with sulfonamides was stopped, and sufficient sodium carbonate water containing 1% to 2% was supplied, and the quick supplement one was added. Each kilogram of material plus VcO.2 grams, Vk5 milligrams, for several days, until the symptoms basically disappear. Chickens and laying hens under 1 month of age should avoid using these drugs. Different sulfonamides have different therapeutic doses and should be strictly controlled to prevent over-exposure. Continuous medication should not exceed 5 days. When using, choose a small amount of toxic sulfonamide containing augmenter, and always supply sufficient drinking water during the medication.
2, Maduramycin Poisoning
Maduramycin is a kind of polyether antibiotic coccidiostat. Because of the lack of understanding of the active ingredients of the drug, such as the name of the drug king, the insecticide king, the anti-ball king, the ball king, Jiafu, etc. The ingredients are all maduramycin. If the drugs are repeatedly applied or the dosage is too large, the mixing may be uneven, which may cause poisoning.
Symptoms: mild poisoning in chickens is characterized by depression, loss of appetite, unwillingness to stand, a few sick chickens are excited, screaming and screaming, turning in place, angling, and twisting backwards or both legs Straight, hehe. Seriously poisoned, suddenly died.
Prevention: The duration of continuous administration and dosage should be strictly controlled. Familiarity with the trade name and drug content of the drug drug can avoid repeated use. At the same time, the medicine mixture should be evenly distributed, and the poisoning is immediately stopped. 10% glucose solution combined with electrolysis of multivitamin or quick-mix multivitamin drinking water, intramuscular injection of vitamin C 2mg/kg body weight in severe chicken, 2 times a day
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