Hydrogen cyanide, a kind of asphyxiating gas, is known as the “lightning killer†and is widely used in organic chemistry, electroplating, mining and metallurgy, paint, dyes, rubber and other industries. Cyanide is mostly synthetic, but it is also present in small amounts in natural substances such as bitter almonds, coix seed, peach kernel, cassava and ginkgo. Among them, there are many opportunities for people in the electroplating, paint, dye, rubber and other industries.
In the case of acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning accidents, the newspapers are common:
In 2004, a hydrogen cyanide gas leak accident occurred in a chemical workshop in Shandong, and 22 people were poisoned.
In 2005, 22 villagers were poisoned and 6 people died because of the poisoning of hydrogen cyanide group in the village of Xiaguan Village, Guanlan Town, Chun'an County, Fujian Province.
In 2009, a worker in an electroplating factory in Yangzhou accidentally caused a hydrogen cyanide poisoning accident during the cleaning process of the brass tank. One person died and one person was poisoned.
In 2009, a gold mine worker in Shandong Province suffered an acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning accident during the process of cleaning the metallurgical tank, and 11 people were poisoned.
In 2013, an accident of hydrogen cyanide was poisoned during the cleaning of a semi-finished storage tank of an acetolol plant in a factory in a city. Ten people were poisoned and one died.
In 2015, an acute occupational hydrogen cyanide poisoning accident occurred in the electroplating workshop of a hardware company in Shenzhen, and one person was poisoned.
So today we will come to understand what hydrogen cyanide is? What are the common contact opportunities? What is the toxic mechanism of hydrogen cyanide? What is the clinical manifestation of acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning? How can we prevent it?
What is hydrogen cyanide:
Hydrogenation hydrogenide (HCN), molecular weight 27.03, is a colorless gas with bitter almond flavor at room temperature, soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Its aqueous solution is hydrocyanic, and hydrocyanic acid belongs to the drama. A toxic substance that is acidic and reacts with a base to form a salt, that is, cyanide. The cyanide commonly known is inorganic cyanide, including hydrocyanic acid, potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide. The organic cyanide is formed by combining a cyano group with another carbon atom through a single bond, including acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, and the like. Cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas at high temperatures or when interacting with acidic materials. Among cyanide, hydrogen cyanide is the most toxic, and it is a kind of cell protoplast with high activity, high toxicity and fast action. The lethal dose of hydrogen cyanide gas is about 60mg in adults. Mild poisoning can occur in humans with a concentration of hydrogen cyanide of 20-40mg/m3 for several hours. 150mg/m3 can die after 30 minutes of exposure, when the concentration in air reaches 300mg/m3. Suddenly fainted without any warning, and a "shock-type" death occurred.
Common contact opportunities:
With the rapid development of China's chemical industry, cyanide is used more and more widely, and the frequency of use is getting higher and higher. Commonly used cyanides in the industry are hydrocyanic acid, potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, ammonium cyanide and the like.
Electroplating, mining and metallurgical industry: such as gold plating, copper plating, silver plating, cyanidation enrichment of lead, zinc, gold, silver and other precious metals extraction, steel quenching, metal surface carburizing.
Production of cyanide-containing compounds: such as hydrocyanic acid production, manufacture of other cyanides, pharmaceuticals, synthetic fibers, plastics, rubber, plexiglass, paints, and the like.
Chemical industry: manufacture of various resin monomers such as acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, ethylenediamine, acrylonitrile and other nitriles.
Fuel industry: Synthesis of cyanuric acid, an active fuel intermediate.
Photography: The photographic waste liquid contains ferricyanide.
Agriculture: such as fumigation insecticides, rodenticides, etc.
Military: Used as a war agent.
Contact with daily life: such as bitter almond, coix seed, peach kernel, cassava and ginkgo contain cyanide.
Acute poisoning mechanism and clinical manifestations of hydrogen cyanide:
Acute cyanide poisoning is mainly absorbed through the suction channel, and secondly through the skin at high concentrations. Life cyanide poisoning is mainly oral, and the oral mucosa and digestive tract can be fully absorbed. When hydrogen cyanide enters the human body, cyanide ion (CN-) can be released to directly bind to Fe3+ in cytochrome oxidase, inhibiting the activity of the enzyme, causing it to lose the ability to transmit electrons, blocking the sucking chain, and causing the cells to lose oxygen. The ability to occur while "intracellular suffocation" occurs. When cyanide is poisoned, although the blood is oxygen-saturated, it cannot be used by the tissue, and the arteriovenous blood oxygen is poorly reduced, and the skin and mucous membrane are cherry red.
Clinical manifestations of acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning: (1) contact reaction: patients with headache, dizziness, fatigue, chest tightness, may also be accompanied by eye and sputum stimulating symptoms, mostly transient, after disengagement can be compared Quick recovery. (2) mild poisoning: mainly manifested as chest tightness, heart palpitations, increased heart rate, headache, sputum gas, obvious bitter almond flavor, nausea, vomiting, and visual sputum. (3) Moderate poisoning: The above symptoms are aggravated, the sucking is short, the blood pressure is lowered, and the skin is bright red. (4) Severe poisoning: The main manifestations are deep coma, shallow sucking, rapid heart rate, arrhythmia, paroxysmal convulsions, and even severe disturbance of consciousness. High concentration or high dose intake can cause electrocution death.
First aid treatment principles:
(1) Immediately leave the scene to the fresh air, quickly implement treatment, and provide oxygen therapy as soon as possible.
(2) Remove contaminated clothing and wash contaminated skin with water or 5% sodium thiosulfate.
(3) Ingestion through the digestive tract should prompt vomiting, gastric lavage with 1:5000 potassium permanganate or 5% sodium thiosulfate solution.
(4) Eye polluters are immediately flushed with a large amount of running water or saline.
Precaution:
(1) Reform the production process and replace the toxic raw materials with non-toxic raw materials.
(2) Innovate production equipment and strengthen equipment management and maintenance. Processes that may produce cyanide should be sealed, mechanized, and automated to prevent run, run, drip, and leak.
(3) Establish an occupational health management system and operational procedures. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate accident emergency rescue plans suitable for the company and organize regular drills to strengthen emergency rescue capabilities.
(4) Enterprises should strengthen the personal protection of operators. Workers exposed to cyanide should wear practical protective equipment.
(5) Ventilation and detoxification. The indoor working place exposed to cyanide shall be equipped with mechanical ventilation facilities and also be used for accident ventilation. The number of air changes shall not be less than 12 times/h.
(6) Strengthen the management of limited space operations. Implement a limited space operation permit system, strictly enforce the occupational hazard protection norms for limited space operations, and prevent occupational hazards such as hypoxia and acute poisoning.
(7) Strengthen occupational health publicity education and training. Occupational health training for cyanide workers, enhance their awareness of cyanide toxic effects and protection awareness, and prevent occupational hazards.
In the case of acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning accidents, the newspapers are common:
In 2004, a hydrogen cyanide gas leak accident occurred in a chemical workshop in Shandong, and 22 people were poisoned.
In 2005, 22 villagers were poisoned and 6 people died because of the poisoning of hydrogen cyanide group in the village of Xiaguan Village, Guanlan Town, Chun'an County, Fujian Province.
In 2009, a worker in an electroplating factory in Yangzhou accidentally caused a hydrogen cyanide poisoning accident during the cleaning process of the brass tank. One person died and one person was poisoned.
In 2009, a gold mine worker in Shandong Province suffered an acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning accident during the process of cleaning the metallurgical tank, and 11 people were poisoned.
In 2013, an accident of hydrogen cyanide was poisoned during the cleaning of a semi-finished storage tank of an acetolol plant in a factory in a city. Ten people were poisoned and one died.
In 2015, an acute occupational hydrogen cyanide poisoning accident occurred in the electroplating workshop of a hardware company in Shenzhen, and one person was poisoned.
So today we will come to understand what hydrogen cyanide is? What are the common contact opportunities? What is the toxic mechanism of hydrogen cyanide? What is the clinical manifestation of acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning? How can we prevent it?
What is hydrogen cyanide:
Hydrogenation hydrogenide (HCN), molecular weight 27.03, is a colorless gas with bitter almond flavor at room temperature, soluble in water, ethanol and ether. Its aqueous solution is hydrocyanic, and hydrocyanic acid belongs to the drama. A toxic substance that is acidic and reacts with a base to form a salt, that is, cyanide. The cyanide commonly known is inorganic cyanide, including hydrocyanic acid, potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide. The organic cyanide is formed by combining a cyano group with another carbon atom through a single bond, including acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, and the like. Cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas at high temperatures or when interacting with acidic materials. Among cyanide, hydrogen cyanide is the most toxic, and it is a kind of cell protoplast with high activity, high toxicity and fast action. The lethal dose of hydrogen cyanide gas is about 60mg in adults. Mild poisoning can occur in humans with a concentration of hydrogen cyanide of 20-40mg/m3 for several hours. 150mg/m3 can die after 30 minutes of exposure, when the concentration in air reaches 300mg/m3. Suddenly fainted without any warning, and a "shock-type" death occurred.
Common contact opportunities:
With the rapid development of China's chemical industry, cyanide is used more and more widely, and the frequency of use is getting higher and higher. Commonly used cyanides in the industry are hydrocyanic acid, potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, ammonium cyanide and the like.
Electroplating, mining and metallurgical industry: such as gold plating, copper plating, silver plating, cyanidation enrichment of lead, zinc, gold, silver and other precious metals extraction, steel quenching, metal surface carburizing.
Production of cyanide-containing compounds: such as hydrocyanic acid production, manufacture of other cyanides, pharmaceuticals, synthetic fibers, plastics, rubber, plexiglass, paints, and the like.
Chemical industry: manufacture of various resin monomers such as acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, ethylenediamine, acrylonitrile and other nitriles.
Fuel industry: Synthesis of cyanuric acid, an active fuel intermediate.
Photography: The photographic waste liquid contains ferricyanide.
Agriculture: such as fumigation insecticides, rodenticides, etc.
Military: Used as a war agent.
Contact with daily life: such as bitter almond, coix seed, peach kernel, cassava and ginkgo contain cyanide.
Acute poisoning mechanism and clinical manifestations of hydrogen cyanide:
Acute cyanide poisoning is mainly absorbed through the suction channel, and secondly through the skin at high concentrations. Life cyanide poisoning is mainly oral, and the oral mucosa and digestive tract can be fully absorbed. When hydrogen cyanide enters the human body, cyanide ion (CN-) can be released to directly bind to Fe3+ in cytochrome oxidase, inhibiting the activity of the enzyme, causing it to lose the ability to transmit electrons, blocking the sucking chain, and causing the cells to lose oxygen. The ability to occur while "intracellular suffocation" occurs. When cyanide is poisoned, although the blood is oxygen-saturated, it cannot be used by the tissue, and the arteriovenous blood oxygen is poorly reduced, and the skin and mucous membrane are cherry red.
Clinical manifestations of acute hydrogen cyanide poisoning: (1) contact reaction: patients with headache, dizziness, fatigue, chest tightness, may also be accompanied by eye and sputum stimulating symptoms, mostly transient, after disengagement can be compared Quick recovery. (2) mild poisoning: mainly manifested as chest tightness, heart palpitations, increased heart rate, headache, sputum gas, obvious bitter almond flavor, nausea, vomiting, and visual sputum. (3) Moderate poisoning: The above symptoms are aggravated, the sucking is short, the blood pressure is lowered, and the skin is bright red. (4) Severe poisoning: The main manifestations are deep coma, shallow sucking, rapid heart rate, arrhythmia, paroxysmal convulsions, and even severe disturbance of consciousness. High concentration or high dose intake can cause electrocution death.
First aid treatment principles:
(1) Immediately leave the scene to the fresh air, quickly implement treatment, and provide oxygen therapy as soon as possible.
(2) Remove contaminated clothing and wash contaminated skin with water or 5% sodium thiosulfate.
(3) Ingestion through the digestive tract should prompt vomiting, gastric lavage with 1:5000 potassium permanganate or 5% sodium thiosulfate solution.
(4) Eye polluters are immediately flushed with a large amount of running water or saline.
Precaution:
(1) Reform the production process and replace the toxic raw materials with non-toxic raw materials.
(2) Innovate production equipment and strengthen equipment management and maintenance. Processes that may produce cyanide should be sealed, mechanized, and automated to prevent run, run, drip, and leak.
(3) Establish an occupational health management system and operational procedures. At the same time, it is necessary to formulate accident emergency rescue plans suitable for the company and organize regular drills to strengthen emergency rescue capabilities.
(4) Enterprises should strengthen the personal protection of operators. Workers exposed to cyanide should wear practical protective equipment.
(5) Ventilation and detoxification. The indoor working place exposed to cyanide shall be equipped with mechanical ventilation facilities and also be used for accident ventilation. The number of air changes shall not be less than 12 times/h.
(6) Strengthen the management of limited space operations. Implement a limited space operation permit system, strictly enforce the occupational hazard protection norms for limited space operations, and prevent occupational hazards such as hypoxia and acute poisoning.
(7) Strengthen occupational health publicity education and training. Occupational health training for cyanide workers, enhance their awareness of cyanide toxic effects and protection awareness, and prevent occupational hazards.
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