After continuous rainfall, the temperature in the greenhouse is relatively low, which creates favorable conditions for the occurrence and spread of gray mold. Grape gray mold, cucumber gray mold, tomato gray mold, strawberry gray mold, eggplant gray mold, amaranth gray mold ... whichever is very difficult to control.
Farmers often complain that when gray mold occurs, even if they use all the fungicides they can buy, or even the special fungicides that are used to control gray mold, they don't work.
Is gray mold bad?
The pathogens are fast-growing, and the number of spores is very high. The English name of Botrytis cinerea is "botrytis", which means "grape spike". Its conidia (the taupe molds on the susceptible parts), like the spikes under the microscope, are amazing. Use a needle to pick a little gray mold on the diseased fruit and place it under the microscope. This is like this:
Don't see it, don't worry, treat it with paint, then look at it with a microscope:
Just a little bit, the number of conidia is also unclear.
The viability of the pathogen is very strong: the adaptability and viability of the gray mold pathogen are strong, and it can be ingested from the living plant tissue or in the dead body, and belongs to the semi-living nutrient pathogen. Taking cucumber gray mold as an example, the conidia of the pathogen can survive on susceptible fruits, petals, flower buds, stems and leaves for 4-6 months, and the sclerotia has a longer survival time. Botrytis cinerea can survive in the soil, on the plant, on the back wall of the greenhouse, on the column, on the hanging line, and spread to the plant through airflow, rainwater, and farming operations. Once the conditions are right, it will germinate and infect quickly.
The pathogen is easy to invade from the wound: the gray mold pathogen likes "sweet and tender", and the most infested parts are flowers, young fruits and fruits of the ripening period. The reason is that some secretions on the flower buds will stimulate the rapid propagation of the bacteria, and if there is a wound on the young epidermis or the mature fruit, the bacteria will follow the oozing juice from these parts. Some investigations have found that Botrytis cinerea has the highest probability of invading fruits from residual petals, accounting for 86.27% ~ 91.61% of all invasions. After the flower is used in the production, the petal residual rate of the fruit pedicle is 67.71%~100%. This is one of the reasons for the high incidence of tomato gray mold in greenhouses.
High humidity gray mold is prone to outbreak: weather is an important cause of the incidence of gray mold. Botrytis cinereas prefer cooler temperatures (18 to 23 ° C) and high humidity (85% or more), as well as poorly lit weather. Therefore, gray mold is easy to break out in continuous cloudy snow or rainy weather.
The pathogenicity of the pathogen is strong: the rapid pathogenicity of the gray mold pathogen is extremely strong, and once invaded into the plant organs, symptoms will be rapidly manifested, and new conidia will be rapidly produced. Therefore, once a disease occurs, it means that the amount of bacteria is easily explosively expanded, and a slight delay will lead to an outbreak.
Gray mold, anti-heavy treatment
Due to the above reasons, it is often late to fight drugs after the occurrence of gray mold. Therefore, gray mold is important in prevention.
Reduce the number of pathogens of gray mold
Botrytis cinerea is inhabited in the soil and in the remaining tissues of the plant. Therefore, before the plant or fruit tree is planted or in the early stage of planting, and before and after flowering, especially after the flowering, pay attention to clean up the diseased leaves and flowers. And the fruit, etc., and then use the fungicides such as flavonoids, scopolamine, and bacteriocin to completely treat the soil, flower, young fruit and the whole greenhouse, which can greatly reduce the number of gray mold bacteria.
Early medication control
When the gray mold pathogen infects the plant, it first comes into contact with the plant body. In the vicinity of the stomata, lenticels or wounds, the conidia germinate into the germ tube and the attached cells, and the attached cells secrete keratinase and lipase and other lytic enzymes to pass through. The stratum corneum destroys the epidermis and forms an invading burst on the surface of the plant, secreting cell wall degrading enzymes such as endogenous polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, cellulase and hemicellulase. Plant organs help the hyphae extract the nutrients.
After understanding the infestation characteristics of gray mold pathogens, we can take corresponding measures to prevent and control the different stages of gray mold disease.
1 蘸 flower, before bagging, disinfect with fungicide. When the flowers are smashed, or before the fruit is bagged, the fungicides such as flavonoids and ketone can be sterilized in advance to protect them. The effect will be very good.
2 early onset, early medication control. When it is found that there are sporadic lesions in the field, the pyrethroid or azoxystrobin is used to compound the carbendazim and the carbendazim to kill the germs that are germinating. The key to this measure is to grasp the timing, move quickly, and not delay.
3 spray antibiotics for inhibition. It is also possible to spray Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, P. sphaeroides, etc., and use these antibiotics to deteriorate the germination environment of the gray mold pathogen, or to inhibit the secretion of plant tissue degrading enzyme by the pathogen, and simultaneously kill them. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the temperature and humidity conditions at the time. These antibiotics also need to have a suitable temperature and humidity environment.
4 "milk + water" also has a controlling effect. Continuous spraying of 1:9 aqueous milk solution can also effectively prevent gray mold when a sporadic diseased plant is found.
5 When the disease is serious, take more measures. When the disease has begun to happen seriously, it is necessary to take more measures. First clean up the diseased leaves, diseased flowers, diseased fruit, and then spray some special new fungicides, such as boscalid. 
We can improve the resistance of plants to pathogens in three ways.
1 Breeding resistant varieties, for example, found that using the disease resistance genes contained in wild thorn grapes in our country, we can breed new grape varieties with better resistance. The red hard fruit tomato is more resistant to gray mold than the pink fruit tomato.
2 healthy cultivation to improve the disease resistance of plants, such as more scientific fertilization and watering, so that plants grow stronger, rather than prosperous.
3 The use of immune system activators such as the Alternaria alternata activator developed by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Plant Protection is a very good plant immune system activator.
However, plant immune system activators cannot be used frequently or used at will. The key is to use them at the beginning of the disease, when there are sporadic leaves in the field, or when the weather suitable for gray mold outbreaks begins to appear.
Of course, this immune activation inducer can also be used in combination with a chemical bactericide, and the effect will be better.
Adjust the growth environment of plants
According to the plant's demand for temperature and humidity growth, control the temperature, humidity, light and other conditions in the shed as much as possible, and control the maximum temperature during the day at 25~30°C, and control the relative humidity below 85%, pay attention to ventilation and light management. Plant density should not be too large, do not spray water on cloudy days, spray in the morning in the cold winter season.
(Source: Zhao Zhanzhou New Farmhouse)
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