At present, the spring sowing of peanuts in the Huanghuaihai, the Yangtze River basin and the south of the Yangtze River is about to begin, and the spring and northwestern peanuts in the north and northwest are also entering the seeding stage. According to the climatic characteristics of this year and the actual production in various places, the Oil and Agriculture Experts Steering Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, proposed the technical guidance for the production of peanuts in spring in 2018.
Scientific selection of varieties to improve peanut quality
All localities should select high-quality special varieties such as high oil, high oleic acid, high protein and suitable food processing according to the ecological conditions such as soil, climate and market demand, and gradually meet the different needs of peanut quality for different uses such as oil, food and export. . In the Huang-Huai-Hai production area, the middle-level and above-mentioned land plots, spring-sown peanuts or spring-sown mulch covered peanuts should be selected for high-quality special-purpose large and medium-sized fruit varieties with a growth period of about 125 days, and the high-quality special type with a growth period of about 125 days should be selected in a thin or continuous cropping area. Small fruit variety. The middle-eastern region adopts medium-early-maturing medium and small fruit varieties with a growth period of 120-125 days. Among them, high-latitude, short frost-free period and low accumulated temperature use early-maturing small fruit varieties within 115 days of growth period. The spring peanuts in the southern producing area are suitable for locally grown pearl bean varieties with a growth period of about 120 days. In the northwestern producing area, the spring peanuts in the northwestern region are selected from the large-sized fruit varieties with a growth period of about 125 days, and the northern Xinjiang spring peanuts are selected from small fruit varieties with a growth period of less than 120 days. When selecting varieties, it is necessary to select the corresponding resistant varieties for the main natural disasters and biological disasters in the local area, especially the areas with high resistance to bacterial wilt (such as Zhonghua 21, Zhonghua No. 6, and Quanhua 551). Yueyou 40, etc., varieties with strong disease resistance (such as Zhonghua No.6, Guihua 1026, Yuanza 9102, Shanhua No.9, Hanghua No.2, etc.). For the production areas with high degree of mechanization production, the varieties with good maturity, strong handle and toughness, and suitable for mechanized harvesting should be selected (such as Yuanza 9102, Yuhua 37, Huanhua 11, Huanhua 16, Huayu 33, Zhonghua). 16, Zhonghua 21, etc.).
Appropriate amount of sowing to improve seeding quality
The first is to determine the appropriate sowing date. Spring sowing open large peanut sowing period should be mastered in 5 consecutive days, 5 cm ground temperature is stable above 17 °C, small peanuts are stable above 15 °C, high oleic peanuts are stable above 19 °C, and plastic film sowing period is 7~10 earlier than open ground peanuts. day. The Huanghuaihai production area is generally in the middle and late April, the northeast production area is in the middle of May, and the northwest production area is in the middle of May. The spring-sowed pearl-peanut type peanuts in the southern producing areas are stable above 12 °C, sowing in the "cold-tailed warm head". The second is to determine the appropriate amount of broadcast. Generally, the spring sowing large peanuts double-grained 8000~10000 points, the small peanuts double-grained 9000~11000 points, and the single-grain sowing 14000~17000 pieces. The third is to do a good job in seed processing. 10 to 15 days before sowing, shelling, shelling before shelling for 2 to 3 days, remove mold, damaged, germinated seeds, graded according to grain size, graded sowing. Seeds that have been husked before sowing should be properly preserved to prevent moisture absorption from affecting the germination rate. According to the characteristics of local peanut pests and diseases, select the appropriate agent (coating agent) for seed dressing (coating), seed dressing (coating) should be even, with the mix with the seed, the general seed coat is dried (shady and ventilated, avoid exposure) It can be sown, and seed dressing (coating) can effectively prevent ground-borne diseases such as root rot, stem rot, crown rot and other underground pests. The fourth is to improve the quality of sowing. Both mechanical and artificial sowing should pay attention to proper sowing. The soil moisture content during sowing is generally 65%~75% of the maximum water holding capacity; the seeding depth is 3~4 cm, and the sowing time is too long to cause the emergence time to be weak. Seedlings, or low-temperature rotten seeds; sow seeds that are easy to fall after sowing, sowing should be consistent in depth, to achieve uniform seedlings, and to cultivate strong seedlings.
Scientific fertilization and watering promote normal development
The first is scientific fertilization. Peanut fertilization is mainly based on bottom fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing. Acidic soil can be added with calcium, calcium, magnesium phosphate and other calcium-containing fertilizers to prevent peanut shells. Lime is applied to the peanut pod area during the flowering stage. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizers should be applied to the seeding ditch and then planted at the time of sowing. Continuous cropping soil can be added with lime nitrogen and biological bacterial fertilizer; gravel sand with low fertility, coarse sandy loam and raw land, increase peanut root nodule fertilizer, enhance nitrogen fixation capacity of root nodules; Potassium fertilizer promotes the effective release of potassium in soil. By applying organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced, and heavy metal pollution and nitrous acid accumulation can be controlled. The second is scientific watering. Spring peanuts sowed in foot, generally do not need watering at the seedling stage. Appropriate drought is beneficial to root development, improving the ability of plants to resist drought and sputum, and also shortening the first and second internodes, facilitating the lowering of fruit needles and increasing the rate of fruit filling. The mid-fertility period (flowering period and pod-forming period) is the most sensitive period for peanuts to respond to water, and it is also the period with the most water demand in the whole life. The drought has a great influence on the yield, and when the leaves of the plants appear to be wilting around noon, they should be timely. Watering. In the late growth stage (full fruiting period), it should be timely and lightly watered to prevent premature senescence and aflatoxin infection. Watering should be carried out in the morning and evening, and it is necessary to prevent water accumulation in the field, otherwise it will easily cause rotten fruit, and it is not suitable to use direct water flooding in low temperature well water. In the south and the areas with more rainfall, the “three ditch†should be smoothed to prevent waterlogging.
Strengthen field management to reduce pests and diseases
First, timely release of seedlings and branches. When covering the surface of the peanut film, when the cotyledonary node rises to the membrane surface, the soil above the seeding line is spread to both sides of the plant line in time, and the remaining soil is removed to the furrow. When the uncoated soil seedlings on the membrane can not automatically break the membrane, it is necessary to artificially break the membrane to release the seedlings in time, minimize the membrane pores, and compact the membrane edges with the soil in the furrow. Beginning with the sapling stage (four main leaves of the main stem), timely check and pull out the lateral lateral branches buried under the membrane to make it robust and develop, and need to carry out 2~3 times before the flowering. The membrane was perforated and sown in the field. When the cotyledonary node was raised to the membrane surface, the peanut seedlings which did not correspond to the membrane pores were manually inspected and taken out in time. The second is timely tillage and weeding. After the ground peanuts are planted with soil, the ground is sprayed with the pre-emergence herbicide to close the weeds; the ground film peanuts are sprayed with the appropriate herbicide before the film is mulched. When the peanuts are close to the ridge, the open ground peanuts are groined between the two rows of peanuts or the mulch peanuts in the two ridges. The soil should be gully clear, soil ridge, ridge waist fat, and ridge top concave, which is conducive to the fruit needle into the soil. The third is rational chemical regulation. When the plants grow to 25~30 cm, the plants with prosperous growth should be controlled by suitable growth regulators, and they should be applied strictly according to the instructions. If the spraying is too small, it will not control the stagnation. Premature senescence of the leaves reduces production. Foliar application is performed before 10 am or after 3 pm. The fourth is the green prevention and control of pests and diseases. It is recommended to use physical trapping and biological control methods to control pests and chemical agents to control diseases. Promote physical trapping techniques such as black light, sex attractants and traps to control pests and reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used. Biological agents can be used to control underground pests such as peanut meal. For the prevention and treatment of diseases such as leaf spot, suitable high-efficiency and low-toxic fungicides can be used. For the control of bacterial wilt and rust, it is best to use high-resistant peanut varieties.
Harvesting safe storage
Harvesting, drying and storage are the last important aspects of peanut production. In the case of production without the disease prevention and anti-premature aging technology, it is generally harvested in time when the plant turns from green to yellow, the main stem retains 3 to 4 green leaves, and most of the pods are full and mature. After applying the disease prevention and premature aging technology in the middle and late stages of peanut growth, the suitable harvest period should look at the number of maturing days, and the full pod ratio. The full fruit pods have a full pod ratio of more than 65%, and the small fruit varieties have a full pod ratio of 70%. 80% is suitable for harvesting. The specific harvest period should be flexibly controlled according to the weather conditions. After harvesting, it should be dried or dried as soon as possible to reduce the water content of the pods to less than 10%. Pay attention to controlling storage conditions to prevent the damage of stored pests and the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination.
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