Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) may cost about ten times more than traditional incandescent bulbs, but they last six times longer. Additionally, for the same brightness, they use less than a quarter of the energy. With technological advancements, new lighting solutions have emerged, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which are solid-state semiconductor devices. Known as the fourth-generation lighting or green light source, LEDs are energy-efficient, eco-friendly, long-lasting, compact, and durable. Their lifespan can reach between 60,000 to 100,000 hours—more than ten times that of traditional sources. They also convert electrical power into light with over 10% efficiency, saving more than 80% of energy compared to conventional bulbs.
Most incandescent bulbs waste nearly 98% of the energy they consume, turning it into heat instead of light. Only about 2% is used for illumination. In contrast, fluorescent lamps are much more efficient, reaching up to 10%. This makes them a popular choice in areas where cooling is essential, like summer months. Energy-saving bulbs combine fluorescent technology with electronic starters and use standard screw bases, making them easy replacements for regular incandescent bulbs. For instance, a 26-watt energy-saving bulb produces 11 watts of light and 15 watts of heat, while a comparable incandescent bulb would use 100 watts and generate 90 watts of heat.
Despite the availability of more efficient options, many homes still rely on traditional incandescent bulbs. However, halogen bulbs have gained popularity in recent years, especially for applications requiring focused light, such as spotlights, car headlights, and reading lamps. A good halogen bulb can achieve around 3.5% efficiency. For example, a 60-watt halogen bulb can provide the same brightness as a 100-watt incandescent one. Yet, these bulbs are small and operate at very high temperatures, so special care is needed during installation to avoid fire hazards.
For outdoor street lighting, sodium vapor lamps are commonly used. Low-pressure sodium lamps emit a yellow-orange light and are highly efficient, though the color is limited. High-pressure sodium lamps are slightly less efficient but offer a more natural color spectrum, making them suitable for general street lighting.
Since the early 2000s, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps have become more widespread. LEDs are known for their long lifespan and are now widely used in traffic lights, flashlights, car brake lights, and signaling systems. HID lamps refer to a range of technologies, including sodium and metal-halide lamps. Modern cars often use xenon-based HIDs, while projectors frequently use metal-halide lamps, both falling under the HID category.
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