Pump systems can be operated in series or parallel to achieve different performance outcomes. When pumps are connected in parallel, the total flow rate increases while the head remains relatively unchanged. This configuration is typically used when the system curve is not very steep. However, in cases where the system curve is steep (such as a high-head system), operating pumps in series can result in both higher head and increased flow compared to parallel operation.
The choice between series and parallel operation depends on the system characteristic curve. If the system curve lies to the left of the pump's H-Q curve (i.e., it is steep), then running pumps in series will lead to a greater increase in flow (operating point A2) than parallel operation (operating point A). On the other hand, if the system curve is on the right side of the pump curve (i.e., it is flat), parallel operation (operating point A4) will provide a larger increase in flow compared to series operation (point Aa).
In real-world engineering applications, however, series operation is rarely used due to its complexity and lower efficiency in most typical systems. Most installations prefer parallel configurations for their simplicity and reliability.
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